Aviation Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Aviation Law - Essay Example Although, Carl was a registered pilot his flight rating were not satisfactory since he had no flown for 10 months (Henrietta, 2006). During his flight, Carl experienced problems just as he was about to land in his destination. Section 107 of the ANO specifies that an operator or pilot of an aircraft must specify the minimum requirements to be used in landing an aircraft. Carl was well aware through his flight plan that the aircraft was going to fly over a class D airspace and therefore he should have made Cumbernauld airport’s Air Traffic Controllers aware of his departure intentions (CAA, 2009). Moreover, section 107 of the ANO an aircraft should not descend from a height above 1000 meters to the relevant airport without clear vision of that airport. One of the important information that was ignored was the flying requirement for the plane used by Carl. Carl flew a plane that was fuel starved for its intended journey which was in contravention of the section 107 which require s minimum requirements to be followed. Betty, a part owner of the plane company in which Carl later flew contravened the ANO’s section 138, which states that a person must not recklessly or negligently an aircraft to endanger any property or person. Betty did not take any steps in ensuring that Carl was qualified to fly an airplane since she only relied on his word. As the operator of the company that owned the airplane she had the obligation of ensuring that air safety is maintained for her employees and clients. Moreover, Betty did not bother to check if Carl personal log book had good instrument rating since the law prohibits pilots from flying with poor... The paper tells that many commercial activities are controlled and monitored by the laws for the benefit or protection of different stakeholders. Moreover, several laws have been enacted to cater for special interests such as human rights, consumer protection and many other special interests. Air travel is nowadays a common form of transport in the world and this type of travel is suited for passengers travelling long distances or those in a hurry. The researchers have seen the case of Carl who was in a hurry and thus risked his life in an aircraft. Moreover, we looked at Dan who endangered his life and caused injuries to one of his passengers through his actions. The Air Navigation Order (ANO) or Rules of the Air (RotA) laws were enacted to protect air operators, travellers and employees who work in the airline industry. However, these laws are used only in the UK and thus in some situations it necessary to make use of laws and previous cases in handling out judgements. In the first case, we take a look at the case of Carl who ignored the rules and provisions of the ANO. While on the other hand the second case we take a look at a rookie helicopter pilot who blatantly ignores aviation laws. These two cases are different and explore how provisions of the ANO and RotA can be used in deciding and resolving aviation scenarios. For instance, in the first case Carl and Betty should be held liable for breaching the ANO laws while on the second case Dan is the culprit through negligence.

The Reasons Why the US Congress Should Not Authorize an Attack on Syri Essay

The Reasons Why the US Congress Should Not Authorize an Attack on Syria - Essay Example As a part of this struggle, long established governments in Egypt, Yemen and Libya were overthrown with the help of public support and protest. The case of Libya and Syria however, is relatively different because both Libya as well as Syria witnessed a feared armed conflict between the government forces and the rebels. The Libyan government of Gadhafi was overthrown with the help from the strikes of UK under the umbrella of Nato wherein other European countries such as France also contributed to the strikes. The case of Syria however, is relatively different as, despite the fearsome battles between the government forces and the rebels, Bashar Al-Asad’s government is still intact and was largely successful in withstanding the challenge of the rebellion. The human rights violation, however, warrants the question of whether the US should invade Syria or not topple the government of Asad. This paper will argue that the US should not invade Syria. The issue of Syria is not as simple as it may seem as it involves many other international stakeholders with direct interests in Syria. Syria is home to Hezbollah, the militant group with an extremist ideology against Israel and US. Hezb has publically declared Israel as its enemy and even went on to win a limited war against Israel. (Curry) An invasion of Syria may result in a chain reaction of events in which global players may be involved and a new war may erupt between the superpowers of the world. With Israel living in the proximity of Syria, it may be extremely dangerous for the US to actually invade Syria. Besides, Syria has made some bold claims of invading the US or its allies and interests and the possible retaliation by Syria with the help of its allies may have been relatively costlier for the US in the long run. Over the period of time, US Government was unable to maintain a single stance on the issue of Syria and invading it. US President, as well as the Secretary of State, have changed their statements regarding the overall plan of US to topple Asad’s government.  

Classical Music From 1760 To 1810

Classical Music From 1760 To 1810 Why is the music of 1760-1810 described as classical. Explain the meaning of the term and how it relates to the music of that time. Refer to specific composers and works. In musical context, the term classical refers to the classical period which falls between the Baroque and Romantic period. I am going to be looking at the most well known composers of this era (J. Haydn, W.A. Mozart L.V Beethoven) and analyse how their music differentiates from that of the Baroque period and how it led into the Romantic era. Starting from c.1760, the first composer I will be looking at is Haydn. At the time when the influence of church on music development was diminishing, Haydn was lucky enough to be employed by one rich family of the Austrian Empire. This proved rewarding, as it gave him the freedom to explore many different aspects of music, which led to his crucial role in the establishment of the key classical forms (such as the Symphony, the String Quartet, the Sonata and the Concerto). Although versions of all these existed, Haydn standardized these into well established musical forms and promoted them. Due to the many operas in which he wrote before this period, Haydn was well acquainted with the sinfonia form. However he was not content with adhering to this Italian model and the striving for originality (which led to the success of his career) became apparent in his works from 1761. He added two oboes, two horns to his first symphony. The wind parts show nothing unexpected, while the oboes often double the strings. The horns play fan-far like figures. The melody is divided between the violins (treated as if the work were a trio sonata) although often they play in unison. The lower strings are bound together almost entirely as their function is to provide harmony while maintaining a forward driving rhythm. There are many baroque features, as to be expected. When Haydn ran the Esterhazy orchestra during the 1760s he had the opportunity to experiment with symphonic writing, and it was during this decade there where he produced his first great symphonies. Over these 10 years, he wrote approximately 40 symphonies, around half of which followed a four-movement form with an added minuet as the third movement. He also composed a long list of works in other genres, including operas, oratorios and choral works. Specifically referring to his first set of symphonies , (No.6 Le Matin, 7 Le Midi, and 8 Le Soir), Haydn used a variety of stylistic influences. The most evident quality of these works is their added richness (compared to the first symphony he wrote), which is not from the use of novel or unexpected instruments, but from the utilization of the concerto principle within the symphonic framework. In some movements the strings are scored as ripieno with a concertino of two violins and a cello. In almost all movements the wind players depart from the role of sustaining harmonies to become soloists. In all three symphonies, the trio of the minuet movement contains a prominent part for the double bass recalling baroque practices in the concerto grosso; yet Haydn, using the standard combination of flutes, oboes, bassoons, horns, and strings, creates a modern orchestra which are retained and used by him in his later symphonies. Haydns main intention at this time seemed to be the virtuosity of his musicians, as each of these three symphonies abounds prominent solos from almost every section. Haydns efforts to standardize the type of symphony proved successful and for that must be credited with the far-reaching innovation of adding one of the Dance forms as a separate movement (most commonly a Minuet although only used from the third symphony and thereafter). This was the most consistent design for a scholastic and artistic style of the Symphony. By the early 1770s, Haydn was well known throughout Europe and in 1781 his symphonies were published in England for the first time. One problem that Haydn gave his immediate attention to was that of unifying thematic material, it is out of such attempts his great innovation of the 1780s were evolved. Sometimes Haydn would base a whole movement upon a single melodic fragment; more often, when decided harmonic contrasts exist between theme groups, the second theme is derived from the first. Haydn seems to have not appreciated, in these early works, the importance that he would later be attached to just the element he tried to expunge, namely, the element of thematic contrast or conflict. Even in his later works the contrasts were seldom as clearly established as in the compositions of Mozart and early Beethoven. Thematic contrast is missing almost entirely in Symphonies No.3-42 (1759-1771), and lyric themes, such as occur in Mozart repeatedly, are equally rare. Haydn was well known throughout Europe when Mozart was a child. His six string quartets (often referred to as the Sun quartets) were written in 1772 and are said to be the inspiration for the six string quartets that Mozart wrote during his 1773 visit to Vienna. Haydn developed the polyphonic techniques he had gathered from the previous era to provide structural coherence capable of holding together his melodic ideas. During this time, Mozart developed an enthusiasm for violin concertos, producing a series of five which increase in their musical sophistication and technical difficulty. In 1776, he turned his efforts to piano concertos and in early 1777 his E-flat concerto was so popular, it is now considered to be his breakthrough work. It was around 1783-84 that Mozart met Haydn in Vienna when Mozarts reputation was on the rise. His opera the abduction from the seraglio had premiered with great success in Vienna and was in the process of being performed in many other cities. Mozarts Haydn quartets were written during the early years of their friendship and were published in 1785. These works are thought to be stylistically influenced by Haydns Opus 33 series which were released in 1781. This series was Haydns next important breakthrough, where melodic and harmonic roles segue among the instruments and often it is unclear what is melody and what is harmony. While Haydn spent much of his working life as a court composer, Mozart wanted public success in the concert life. This meant opera, in a virtuoso style. Moreover, Mozart also had a taste for chromatic harmony (and greater contrasts in harmonic language generally). In Mozart, Haydn found a greater range of instrumentation, dramatic effect and melodic writing. Their learning relationship worked both ways. Mozarts works, like Haydns stand as an archetype of the classical period. He was a versatile composer, and wrote in every major genre (symphony, opera, solo concerto, chamber music and the piano sonata). These forms had been well established by Haydn, but Mozart advanced the technical sophistication and emotional reach of them all. He almost solely developed and popularized the Classical piano concerto. The main features of the classical style are all present in Mozarts music. Clarity, balanced phrases, and transparency are the hallmarks of his works, but any simplistic notion of delicacy masks the exception power and force of his finest masterpieces, such as his Piano Concerto No.24 in C minor, his Symphony No.40 in G minor and the opera Don Giovanni. During Mozarts last decade as a composer, he exploited the use of chromatic harmony with remarkable confidence, which was rare at the time, but with great effect. At the peak of the classical period, composers were faced with a dilemma: enlarging the classical forms or simply abandoning them for a new musical paradigm. The political and social context around this time was calling for a major reshape of musical expression. When the age of revolutions began in 1789, the growing role of middle-class saw an increasing involvement by a new generation of artists and composers and this was reflected in the music that they wrote. Amongst this new generation of composers was Beethoven, who was the most crucial figure in this transitional period between the Classical and Romantic period, specifically his early years, which is known as his heroical period (up to 1812). From Beethovens first set of three piano trios, some of Mozarts techniques are evident such as avoiding the expected cadence. Haydn and Mozart were his strongest influences, but he explored new directions and gradually expended the ambition in his works. He did this through a number of techniques: a downward shift in melodies, increasing durations of movements, and the shift from vocal writing to pianistic writing. Also the increasing importance of varying accompanying figures to bring texture forward as an element in music became evident in his Symphonies. Slowly, direct influences of the Baroque period continued to fade: the figured bass grew less prominent as a means of holding performance together. The late classical period was demanding music that was internally more complex. The growth of concert societies and orchestras, marking the importance of music as a part of the middle class lifestyle, contributed to a booming market for pianos, piano music, and virtuosi. Furthermore, due to the growing number of performances where the composer was not present, it led to increased detail and specificity in scores. The transition became apparent with Beethovens 3rd Symphony (written in 1804), given the name Eroica which s Italian for Heroic. As with Stravinskys Rite of Spring, it may not have been the first in all f its innovations, but its aggressive use of every part of the classical style set it apart from its contemporary works: in length, ambition, and harmonic resources. Conclusion During the Vienna years, when Mozart was influenced by Swieten to take up the study of Baroque counterpoint, Haydn loaned him his personal copy of a textbook by Fux, a copy which was heaFux, a copy which was heavily covered with Haydns personal annotations.

My Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Teaching Educational Learning Essay

My Philosophy of Education Education today is very different than that of twenty years ago. I think that today’s educators have more interest in test scores and the outcome of standardized testing, than the level of content that a child is learning and the successfulness of the teaching and learning process. I want to meet both of the aspects. I want my students to have high test scores and do well for our school, yet at the same time have fun learning. I want to make a child excited about learning and thrilled about coming to school to learn. I think that even children with learning disabilities should feel overjoyed about being in school, as opposed to dreading it every day. Seeing a child learn lights up my life. I like to see a child pick up a book to read instead of pick a remote control to a video game. I strive to make a difference in children’s lives. My ideal classroom would be that of a first grade level. Therefore it would have to have learning assistants such as letter pronunciation flash cards and numbers from one to at least 30. I would have the children’s desks all facing forward, towards the chalkboard, but in a â€Å"U† shape instead of columns. I think that this would help me to be able to keep my eyes on all students and I would be able to maintain eye contact with the students. This would also help me to know when a child is struggling with something. There would be bulletin boards on either side of the chalkboard that would contain important material such as a calendar, numbers, classroom and school-wide rules, among other things. The back of the classroom would also have bulletin boards. These would contain the children’s projects. I think that it’s important to display the students’ projects so as to praise them for their work and to show how they have improved over the y ear. I believe that I will have a non-authoritarian classroom, but it will have order. At the beginning of the year I will ask the students to tell me what they think the classroom rules should be and I will compromise with them.

Essay --

Case Facts and Overview Cambridge Science Pharmaceuticals (CSP) is an international health care company that focuses on developing and marketing products that treat metabolic disorder and other acute and chronic medical conditions. CSP is coming up with a new product named Metabical after listening to a focus group participants that communicated their life struggles with weight loss. 65% of the adult US population is considered overweight, obese, or severely obese and that can measured by Body Mass Index (BMI) scale to understand more under which category they are. BMIs between 25 and 30 are the ones Metabical can benefit. There are over the counter non-prescription drugs for overweight category and the only FDA approved was Alli. Metabical at the time of the case would be the first prescription drug with an approval by the FDA, and clinical trials proved that participants reached their target goal by week 12. Metabical had few side effects when excess fat and calories were consumed. As a result, CSP decided to come up with a support program that included reference material, online tools and exercise plans similar to Alli the OTC drug, but was going to be more comprehensive, in order to help maintain the weight and minimize the side effects. Health care providers were enthusiastic about a drug that can help patients with their overweight struggles and maintain the weight loss. The company conducted a marketing research that shows overweight is on the rise, with 34% of US adults considered in the 25-30 BMI scale. The marketing research also shows that the highest percentage was for the age 65-74 for men, and 45-54 to women. A further research shows that 12% of the respondents said they would make an appointment and purchase the ... ...li. As for the communication strategy, sticking to heavy pull advertising and adding more money into push advertising is recommended. Furthermore, sales representatives have to be trained well on how to convince physicians and know a lot of information about Metabical before they do their visits. PR events and direct mail should also take place and be informative. My final recommendation would be not to include a celebrity, as sometimes celebrities can create a bad image especially that it is a prescription, and not just a herbal treatment. As for the timeline, it is important to create awareness for the physicians through direct mail, sales representatives visits, and seminars before the launch of the product, followed by more direct mail and DTC to the consumers. After the launch, the online contest should take place, and viral marketing should continue heavily.

The Link Between Shamanism and Schizophrenia

We have no tradition of shamanism; modern day society is terrified of madness because the western mind is a house of cards, and the people who built that house of cards know that it is a house of cards. We have a great phobia about the mind and hesitate when first principles are questioned, Rarer than corpses are the untreated mad and this is because we cant come to terms with it. As Terence McKenna says in a lecture on this subject: â€Å"a shaman is someone who swims in the same motion as a schizophrenic but the shaman has thousands and thousands of years of sanctioned technique and tradition to draw upon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in a tribe if a child shows ‘schizophrenic’ tendencies they are immediately drawn away from society (but not rejected) and put under the care and tutelage of master shamans who will teach the child how to heal and enlighten the masses, in western society if someone is classified as a schizophrenic they are drawn out of society and told not necessarily verbally that they don’t fit in and are not of equal worth to the rest of society, they are locked up in asylums, equal to prisoners and numbed with drugs, this treatment makes schizophrenia incurable, Terence McKenna says in the same lecture â€Å"If you’ve ever bin in a mad house then you know that it is an environment calculated to make you crazy and keep you crazy †¦Ã¢â‚¬  . Culture is everywhere, it tells people what to do, what to believe and who they are. Culture embeds notions deeply inside people to the point where they are unaware of their presence these preconceived cultural notions dictate human life Culture determines who is going to be at the top of society and who is going to be at the bottom of society. The building blocks that make up a culture in turn make up weather someone is a schizophrenic or a shaman, for instance the Yanomamo people who live in the Amazon rainforest are a shamanic community, and their cultural building blocks are vastly different to those of New York City and it is because of these cultural building blocks that there are shamans in the Yanomamo culture and no schizophrenics, just like there are schizophrenics in New York City (western culture) and no shamans. This is due to the different cultures attitudes towards god, humanity and the earth. If you took a newly born baby who had a genetic predisposition towards Schizophrenia and dropped him off in the Amazon Rainforest, he would surely become a shaman. If you took a newly born baby who is from a long line of shamans and dropped him off in New York City, he would surely become a schizophrenic. Take away their culture and schizophrenics and shamans practically are one in the same. So far through researching the topic I have found that there is a startling resemblance between schizophrenic and shamanic tendencies. Both shamans and schizophrenics experience hallucinations and become very introverted and withdraw from ordinary realities. From the moment a person becomes schizophrenic or shamanic they are in a constant psychedelic state and perceive the world in a completely different way to normal people. What is different between schizophrenics and shamans is how that psychedelic potential manifests and conditions itself. For a schizophrenic the conditioning takes place the moment he/she is born, the schizophrenic experiences and neutral stimulus, ordinary reality, this then elicits an unconditioned response, ordinary perception, but as the child grows up he/she is subjected to a new unconditioned stimulus, culture, when this new unconditioned stimulus is repetitively paired with the neutral stimulus, ordinary reality, Eventually the neutral stimulus, ordinary reality, becomes a conditioned stimulus and begins to elicit a conditioned response, non ordinary perception which in turn makes the schizophrenics perception psychedelic. In a sense, this psychedelic state of perception is permanent, for the schizophrenic is most likely always going to be a member of his original culture. Only through the external manipulation of the taking of antipsychotic drugs can the schizophrenic come out of the permanent psychedelic state that he/she is in. the shaman is conditioned in a similar way When a shaman is born, the Conditioning process takes place. A neutral stimulus, ordinary reality, elicits an unconditioned response, ordinary perception. Eventually, when the shaman begins his rigorous training, he takes a powerful psychedelic, an unconditioned stimulus. This unconditioned stimulus, a powerful psychedelic, elicits an unconditioned response, non-ordinary perception. Eventually, The neutral stimulus, ordinary reality, becomes a conditioned stimulus and begins to elicit a conditioned response, non-ordinary perception . Thus, the shaman’s perception is made psychedelic. This psychedelic state is permanent, for a powerful psychological agent, such as a psychedelic substance, changes you forever. Counter-conditioning a psychedelic experience is extremely difficult. It may happen, however. The sychedelic substance that the shaman takes reinforces his mind to perceive the Psychedelic and the culture that the schizophrenic grows up in reinforce his mind to perceive the psychedelic. If the shaman stopped taking his psychedelics, and if the schizophrenic started taking his anti-psychotics, then their state of mind would change, and this change is solely a somewhat controllable change. Therefore, the schizophrenic, like the shaman, takes a substance in order to transcend, and this substance is culture, a psychedelic. The shaman’s act of taking a psychedelic and the schizophrenic’s act of taking a psychedelic is a somewhat controllable act. Shamans and schizophrenics both experience religion . Although schizophrenia is not seen as a religion unlike shamanism, many schizophrenics when experiencing delusions and hallucinations said is was a spiritual and religious experience which can be both positive and negative, sometimes their religious beliefs and faith can strengthen and comfort them, other schizophrenics can be rejected and contradicted by their faith because the delusions and hallucinations they have may challenge their beliefs, when this occurs schizophrenia itself sort of turns itself into a religion different from mainstream ones. Schizophrenics interpret a certain stimulus, the archetype of religion, in ways that don’t correspond with the accepted norm of their culture or rather the accepted religions of their culture. Shamans also interpret the archetype of religion but in ways that are accepted by their culture and religion. Shamans are accepted by their society where as schizophrenics are not.

Book Review American Slavery: 1619-1877 by Peter Kolchin

â€Å"American Slavery, 1619-1877† by Peter Kolchin gives an overview of the practice of slavery in America between 1619 and 1877. From the origins of slavery in the colonial period to the road to its abolition, the book explores the characteristics of slave culture as well as the racial mind-sets and development of the old South’s social structures. This paper is divided in two sections.The first section observes the author’s vivid presentation of the slave-master psyche and relationship from the 17th to 19th century America. The second section examines the author’s choice of method in narration – how, apart from quoting statistics, Kolchin gave weight to accounts of slaves’ and slave owners’ lives and conditions. Delving into the Peculiar Institution of Slavery American slavery, Kolchin explains, didn't develop in isolation, but evolved as part of a trend toward forced labor in the New World colonies.By about 1770, American slavery w as concentrated mostly in the South, though it existed in all of the American colonies, and, as time passed, relationships between slaves and masters changed as second- generation slaves lost much of their African culture and became Americanized. The Revolutionary era saw slavery threatened by Enlightenment ideology, but the institution survived more strongly than ever in the South and, during the 19th century, came to be perceived as fundamental to the Southern economy and way of life.Kolchin also writes about slave life through the Civil War, and, not surprisingly, he sees slavery as leaving a legacy that has persisted throughout our own century. Kolchin probes into the lives of those imprisoned by the â€Å"peculiar institution† of American slavery. It begins with slavery’s origin in America in the sixteen hundreds, with the importation of slaves from Africa. Their free labor established the agricultural foundation of the New World. From hereon, Kolchin follows the escalation of slavery through citing statistics and providing information of conditions of the lives and times of slaves and slave owners.Kolchin narrates tales of hardship and provides a condemning opinion of slavery. At the same time, however, he focuses on the facts of daily living of slaves in America. Furthermore, Kolchin delves deeply into the oddly fascinating dynamics of the slave-master relationship, which allows incidents such as a master whipping his slave for working sluggishly and then the evening of the same day, gathering all of the slaves for a bible reading session. A person who provides basic needs for others but forces them to provide him free labor in return is evaluated repeatedly in the book with interesting outcomes.However, the author likewise presents a slave owner who had minimal impact on slaves’ lives outside of the workday, one who allowed the slaves to have social and religious celebrations of their own choosing, and viewed the slaves as not just property, but humans. The irony of this is that slave owners saw no wrong in what they were doing, regardless of how they treated their respective slaves. Slavery, as an institution, was from the perspective of the slave owners, justified.Kolchin describes that, in response, slaves were overtly resistive to their predicament at times, while others provided less obvious resistance in the form of slow work, feigning illness, and even sabotage. In addition, Kolchin gives the readers the catalysts for the events in the history of slavery. Economic, religious, and social factors are made prevalent, which renders the book well organized and able to reach depths that a few other books with the same topic failed to achieve. Even though the war ended, hatred for blacks remains.Thus, segregation evolves in full force throughout the nation, but mainly in the south. He also explains the struggle of the south to compete with the north as far as industrialization which was the new course of Amer ica straying away from agriculture, and until today they still suffer a lack of industry opposed to the northern states. Method of Narration The book’s chronological format of the book provides a logical flow and allows the reader to see the manner by which the events of each day made tremendous impact on slavery.The bibliographical essay lists hundreds of books that pertain to the writing in a sectional format and describes particular topics covered in each book. This is easy to see in the straightforward and matter-of-fact way that the author discusses topics from whipping of slaves, to the selling of slaves resulting in the breakup of families. Kolchin effectively used statistics in writing this book, in that, at the start of most sections or chapters the reader was able to ascertain the slave population and distribution, as well as growth rates and comparison to white population.Kolchin’s interpretation of this particular historic era shows that its’ history is primarily determined by individuals with economic motivations. When the author wanted to explain the horrors of these situations, he used quotes from slaves themselves, not a personal soapbox that many authors use. By using these comparisons the reader can see how the treatment of slaves was paramount to production, controllability, and even reproduction. ConclusionPeter Kolchin’s â€Å"American Slavery, 1619 – 1877,† provides a laudable and significant consideration of slavery in the formation of the United States as a country. It is a clear and briskly written survey that puts slavery in context and explains its continuing impact on American life. Overall, Kolchin displays an excellent work of literature which provides many sources and well-thought-out information. Reference Kolchin, Peter (1993). American Slavery, 1619-1877. Hill and Wang